`` 12 Years A Slave `` And The Fight For Freedom Essay

Throughout the the period of Antebellum America, the institution of slavery distinctly shaped the lives of both enslaved, and free, African Americans. This institution tore apart lives, killed countless, and wrongly enslaved an entire race of people for something out of their control.. The academy award winning film 12 Years a Slave tells the tragic tale of Solomon Northup, a free African American, and his horrific journey while kidnapped into slavery. This film portrays both the struggle and the act of resisting authority that many African Americans of this time participated in through various means. Another excellent source of information comes from the book Harriet Tubman and the Fight for Freedom which perfectly displays a shortened African American history through the use of brief documents. Through the use of these two resources, as well as the lectures, I will display how the institution of slavery changed the lives of countless African Americans spanning across generations an d slave status. Within the antebellum period, enslaved African Americans experienced brutal conditions and treatment unlike any other. From abuse to rape, enslaved African Americans during this time truly suffered an incomprehensible tragedy. Nearly as detrimental, the paternalistically based society that sprouted from this horrid institution had many implications across all of America. First off, it enacted the southern code of honor. This was the idea that men needed to protect their familyShow MoreRelatedPatrick Henrys Fight For Freedom776 Words   |  4 Pageswhich is a reason to fight for is freedom. In Patrick Henry’s speech â€Å"Speech of the Virginia Convention†, 1775, and Steve McQueen’s â€Å"12 years a slave†, 2013, is this idea well presented. Patrick Henry tells his opinion and is trying to convince the convention to attack the South right now. McQueen shows us a film based on a true story in which he tells the story of a black man who gets kidnapped and sold in slavery. He had a job and a wife and two childs. It took him 12 years to become a free manRead MoreSummary Of 12 Years A Slave By Solomon Northup Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Civil War, many slaves began to acquire their freedom by many things, including escaping plantations, buying their freedom, or being granted freedom from their former owners. Once slaves entered the North, they were able to finally be seen as a free African American. The thing that scared African Americans the most, frequently happened, being sent back to the South into slavery. 12 Years a Slave by Solomon Northup gives a recap of how his life, filled with joy and freedom one day, became a livingRead MoreAnalytical Argument: What Deserves to Belong in The American Bible?1110 Words   |  4 Pagesidea for the book. Prothero had many novels and books to choose from and I think he did a great job in choosing works of writing that merged with his principles about America. Based on w hat I have seen is his criterion, I believe that the film 12 Years a Slave directed by Steve McQueen, rightfully belongs in Prothero’s The American Bible: Whose America is this? This film belongs in Prothero’s text because it perfectly fits and follows all the criteria Prothero used to choose all the works in his anthologyRead MoreThe Protest Without Hatred By Solomon Northup968 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protest without Hatred â€Å"12 years a slave† is a book about the slavery in the pre-Civil War South. It was written based on a true story that happened to Solomon Northup who is also the author of the book. The story was a violent protestation, but also full of love without any hatred of Black people, who were being slaved for all their life. The Slavery was abolished in North America; however, it still existed in the South America at that time. Solomon Northup, a Black citizen of New York CityRead MoreSlavery: Where Is Your Dignity?. Slavery Is Known As One1554 Words   |  7 Pageswho had been crippled by slavery in the trailer 12 Years A Slave. Steve McQueen s trailer exposes slavery in its rawest form. McQueen appeals ethically, emotionally, and logically through music, strong voice-overs, color contrast, and character expressions to convey his belief that slavery devalues a person and their dignity. Pathos is the main rhetorical appeal in McQueen’s trailer. He crafts each scene to create an emotion. Happiness and freedom are prominent in the beginning of the trailer. McQueenRead MoreThe Gettysburg Address as an American Tipping Point850 Words   |  4 PagesRepublicans moral base and prominence for years to come, while rekindling morale for the Union soldiers. Thirteen years prior, the controversial Fugitive-Slave law was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850. This allowed for slave owners to capture runaway slaves in free northern states, forbidding them to â€Å"testify in their own behalf, and they were denied a jury trial† (Kennedy). However during the civil war, Lincoln ordered his generals to not return fugitive slaves to their masters. Furthermore, heRead MoreThe African Of African Descent1400 Words   |  6 Pagesfourteen years of life when compared to their white, free, counterparts, largely due to an innutritious diet that more often than not consisted of cornmeal, soups, vegetables, potatoes, grits and cornbread. This diet was severely lacking in many of the vital nutrients that humans need to survive, causing death to many, and misery to those who were able to live off of whatever scraps they could supplement their meager rations with. Children were born severely underweight, and every slave was expectedRead MoreWhat Caused The Civil War? Slavery? Politics?Social Conflicts?Maybe1628 Words   |  7 Pagesall for slavery. The North wanted to free the slaves to help fight the war, but the South was not fond of that. Some would believe that they would talk it out; however, they both decided to have a four-year war about it. Although many feel that slaves were only used to help the North in the Civil War, in reality, they determined how it came about. In Uncle Tom s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, it was a fictional tale of a slave life. The North did not fully understand how horrendousRead MoreNationalism Of Nationalism1186 Words   |  5 Pagesis offering them. For example, Haiti. During the Haitian revolution which took place between 1791-1804 where slaves rose up to fight for their freedom. In 1791, taking advantage of divisions among colonial rulers created by the roiling French Revolution, slaves on the French Caribbean island colony of Saint-Domingue (todays Haiti) rose up in large numbers launching the only successful slave rebellion in recorded human history†(. Another example, Venezuela, during the Venezuelan War of IndependenceRead MoreHistory, Origin And Race Of The African Culture1339 Words   |  6 PagesAfricana Studies to me is the study of the history, origin and race of the African culture. A journey taken by Africans where through failures, struggles, challenges, disappointments, and discouragements up to freedom, success and independence one can witness the strong uphold of these people. The African nation and its people have witnessed the most gruesome terrible things that many generations combined can undergo through. From slavery to the Trans-Atlantic trade to colonization of the African

Inside The Mind Of Emily Grierson - 1437 Words

Inside The Mind of Emily Grierson Mental illness is not an uncommon thing to come across when faced with traumatic or psychologically damaging events. It is a combination of both of these in the case of Emily Grierson within William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. A strong reliance on her father due to his strict rule prohibiting her from seeing other men combined with his passing and initially denial of his death results in Miss Emily being both mentally unstable and completely disconnected from the world around her. The consequences for the stunted emotional growth of Miss Emily was that she could not let go of the dead which results in her keeping bodies of the dead from being taken away from her on two separate occasions, one of which was the product of her murdering her lover Homer Barron to make sure that he could never leave her. Some critics believe that all of these events ultimately stem from the initial control that her father had over her, and how he sheltered her from the world with a strong rule. Being isolated from the world can cause people to be crippled in a way when it comes to developing normally on a mental level. There is a certain need for human interaction when it comes to learning how to properly function in society. In her criticism regarding the unraveling of Miss Emily entitled â€Å"A road to destruction and self-destruction: the same fate of Emily And Elly†, Pingping Yang discusses the emotional dependency that Emily had to her father.Show MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Emily Grierson in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner757 Words   |  3 PagesRose for Emily.† In his short story, Faulkner summarizes the life of a forsaken woman, whom, while heavily respected by her town, is also quite pitied. Faulkner works to give the reader a sense of empathy towards his character while he describes the tragedy that is her life. Emily Grierson, is eventually found to not be the only victim of the story, though, as her faults are exposed. In spite of her d isturbing tendencies, William Faulkner still manages to depict his character, Emily Grierson, as a lonelyRead MoreInternal Isolation In Frankenstein1144 Words   |  5 Pagesin â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, â€Å"Spring and Fall†, and Frankenstein. All of these works of literature have characters that have experienced some level of isolation. The monster that Frankenstein created was put into isolation with the knowledge of a new born child. In the poem â€Å"Spring and Fall† Margaret experiences the same emotional isolation just as every child does. Miss Emily Grierson subjected herself to isolation and stayed alone in her home for the final years of her life. Like Emily, Frankenstein ingrainedRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1729 Words   |  7 Pages2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In every neighborhood there is always that one house that is a mystery to everyone. A house that everyone wants to know about, but nobody can seem to be able to dig up any answers. It’s the type of place that you would take any opportunity or excuse to get to explore. The littler that is known, the more the curiosity increases about this mysterious place or person. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, this mysterious person is Emily Grierson, and the curiosityRead MoreA Rose for Emily Discuss Characterization in a Short Story Given.1318 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1 Discuss characterization in a short story given. A Rose for Emily By William Faulkner Characterization refers to the techniques a writer uses to develop characters in the story. In the story ‘A Rose for Emily’, William Faulkner uses characterization to reveal the character of Miss Emily Grierson, the main role. Faulkner’s use of language foreshadows and builds up to the climax of the story. He expresses the content of her character through physical descriptions, throughRead MoreA Comparison of Two Characters in a Rose for Emily and Barn Burning1450 Words   |  6 PagesRose for Emily and Barn Burning In A Rose for Emily and Barn Burning, William Faulkner creates two characters worthy of comparison. Emily Grierson, a recluse from Jefferson, Mississippi, is an important figure in the town, despite spending most of her life in seclusion. On the contrary, Abner Snopes is a loud, fiery-tempered man that most people tend to avoid. If these characters are judged by reputation and outward appearance only, the conclusion would be that Emily Grierson and AbnerRead MoreA Rose For Emily And Barn Burning By William Faulkner1049 Words   |  5 Pages In A Rose for Emily and Barn Burning, William Faulkner creates two characters worthy of comparison. Emily Grierson, a recluse from Jefferson, Mississippi, is an important figure in the town, despite spending most of her life in seclusion. On the contrary, Abner Snopes is a loud, fiery-tempered man that most people tend to avoid. If these characters are judged by reputation and outward appearance only, the conclusion would be that Emily Grierson and Abner Snopes are complete opposites. HoweverRead MoreSummary Of A Rose For Emily By Emily Grierson834 Words   |  4 Pages(Coon et al.). Throughout William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Emily Grierson experiences these disturbances often enough to suspect that she is suffering from this illness. The story begins at the end of her life, as the townspeople are about to investigate her home to find answers concerning the incidents that plagued their town for many years took place. In her living years, many troubling even ts often surrounded her existence. Emily Grierson’s unstable mental state has been caused by many factorsRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Emily Griersons Death In Faulkner1542 Words   |  7 Pages This is a gothic tale following a tragic figure spanning nearly three decades. .Emily Grierson a penniless spinster not of her own choosing enumerating her life journey into isolation and psychosis. The last of the aristocratic Grierson family who called the town of Jefferson home nestled in Yoknapatawpha County Mississippi. She is unable to move forward with a changing time as she clings to her family’s former privileged social status, as a result she cannot let go of the past. The townsfolk collectivelyRead MoreThe Demise Of Homer Barron1349 Words   |  6 PagesDemise of Homer Barron In William Faulkner’s short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Ms. Emily Grierson, the title character in the story, is a very peculiar character. Introverted from society, trapped in a world of misconceptions, Emily never receives any psychiatric treatment, but she definitely exhibits symptoms of a mental illness. By examining Emily’s behavior and her social relationships, it is possible to conclude that Emily was mentally unstable and possessed a personal motivation to kill HomerRead MoreEssay about Family Influences728 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Family Influences† There were three stories in particular that portrayed views of family. In each story a person that is influenced by their family. In Faulkner’s story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Emily Grierson is influenced by her father’s control over her love life. In â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† by Tennessee Williams, Tom is influenced by both his parents, his father gives him an example to follow when it comes to abandoning his family, and his mother isn’t there for him when he needs her most. In William

Biodiversity and Biotechnological Process

Question: Discuss about the Biodiversity and Biotechnological Process. Answer: Introduction: Kluyveromyces marxianus is a yeast species that was earlier called Kluyveromyces fragilis. The yeast has roles in cheese ripening, as a probiotic that boosts immunity and as an inoculum for whey, a dairy by-product to produce several bio-ingredients. It is a versatile yeast and can utilize a variety of substrates, its rate of growth is rapid and it can grow well at temperatures up to 400 C. The organism is generally regarded as safe and is therefore appropriate for fermentations in the food and pharmaceutical industries (Fonseca, et al., 2007). K. marxianus is an aerobic respiring and Crabtree negative yeast. Kluyveromyces marxianus plays a key role in the ripening of cheese along with other yeasts of importance in the dairy industry that include Kluyveromyces lactis, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Debaryomyces hansenii. The yeasts ferment lactose and increase the pH by utilizing the lactic acid produced during fermentation. The yeasts also release enzymes that are lipolytic, proteolytic and autolytic. The rise in pH allows acid-sensitive bacteria to act on the cheese during the process of ripening. The main distinctive feature of K. marxianus is that it produces the enzyme -galactosidase even in the absence of lactose (Tofalo, et al., 2014). The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianusis is a versatile organism and is employed for a variety of applications in the industry. It is used in the production of ethanol, cell protein, bioingredients, inulinase, lactase, lipase, pectinase and aromatic compounds (Fonseca, et al., 2007). An important application of the yeast is in reducing lactose content of various food products. Important applications of K. marxianus have been proposed in the production of oligonucleotides that can be used as flavour enhancers. The production of oligosaccharides from whey for use s prebiotics can help to stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium sp. in human intestines. The proteolysis of whey protein can yield oligopeptides that can act as immunostimulators (Belem Lee, 1998). Kefir and koumiss are fermented milks that contain the lactose fermenting yeast K. marxianus (Kumura, et al., 2004). The presence of microorganisms in kefir prevents the spoilage and the development of pathogenic bacteria due to presence of antibiotics and bctericidal compounds in kefir. It is therefore consumed for treatment of diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile. Kefir inhibits formation of Aspergillus flavus and the formation of aflatoxin B1. Its role in food preservation is considered to be important (Prado, et al., 2015). While K. marxianus is an important yeast in the ripening of cheese, it is known to cause defects in flavour and texture of the soft cheeses. It can deteriorate the quality of some cheeses and make them gassy due to the production of fermentative gases(Boekhout Robert, 2003). It is interesting to note that the same species of yeast can contribute to the ripening of one kind of cheese on one hand and cause the spoilage of other kinds of cheese on the other hand. marxianus is an yeast species that has been employed for several applications in the dairy and food industries. It has been used to ripe cheese, ferment milk to form kefir and koumiss and for the production of several enzymes. Lactic acid bacteria Lactic acid bacteria are found adventitiously in natural milk and have been used to produce several dairy products that involve fermentation of milk. The lactic acid is produced due to the fermentation of the milk sugar- lactose into lactic acid. The production of lactic acid lowers the pH of milk and results in the separation of milk proteins from whey. The reduced moisture of milk proteins and the lowering of pH helps to prevent the spoilage of milk proteins. The whey can be removed and the milk solids can be processed further to form cheese. Curd, yoghurt, ayran, kefir and koumiss are traditional and industrially produced fermented milk products that employ the lactic acid bacteria for the fermentation of milk. Certain species of yeasts may also play a role in the formation of these products. The production of bacteriocins by the lactic acid bacteria further protects the fermented milk products from spoilage or the growth of pathogens (Cogan, et al., 1997). The production of lipases, proteases and exopolysaccharide are characteristics of lactic acid bacteria that help in cheese making. The several amino acids required for the growth of starter culture become available through the breakdown of the milk protein. Since lactic acid bacteria fall in the category of generally regarded as safe bacteria, the bacteriocins produced are broad- spectrum and are widely employed in the food industry. Bacteriocins that remain stable at higher temperature and can remain active at low pH are particularly useful in the food processing industry. The exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria are useful in production of fermented milks such as, kefir and ayran. Lactic acid bacteria through the process of fermentation, help to prolong the shelf life of milk which is highly perishable. Some examples of Lactic acid bacteria include Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus lactis. Lactic acid bacteria used for preparation of yoghurt are Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Lactic acid bacteria used for the production of cheese include both mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. The mesophilic genera are Lactococcus and Leuconostoc while Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactococcus lactis are genera that are thermophilic. The flavours of yoghurt and cheese are imparted by the lactic acid bacteria. Bacterial or yeast species that cause ripening of cheese also play a role in imparting flavour and developing the texture of the cheese. The probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria pro vide several health benefits. Lactic acid bacteria fermented milk products are consumed all over the world, some examples include, Kumis (Columbi), Maasai and Susaac (Kenya), Lben (Morocco) and Ayran (Turkey).Since fermented milk products are rich in Calcium, these are an important component of food (Widyastuti, et al., 2014). Some products help in lowering cholesterol and treating conditions like diarrhoea. The lactic acid bacteria are therefore useful in prolonging shelf life of milk, prepartion of probiotic foods, production of bacteriocins that can stop the growth of spoilage bacteria or pathogenic microorganisms. The use of lactic acid bacteria in preparation of ethnic foods and as commercial inocula or starter cultures has long been practised. Development of newer fermented foods also employs LABs. References Belem, M. Lee, B., 1998. Production of Bioingredients From Kluyveromyces Marxianus Grown on Whey: An Alternative. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 38(7), pp. 565-598. . Boekhout, T. Robert, V., 2003. Yeasts in Food. 1 ed. s.l.: Behr's Verlag, . Cogan, T. et al., 1997. Characterization of the lactic acid bacteria in artisanal dairy. Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 64, pp. 409-421. Fonseca, G., Gombert, A., H. E. Wittmann, C., 2007. Physiology of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus during batch and chemostat cultureswith glucose as the sole carbon source. FEMS Yeast Research, Volume 7, pp. 422-435. Kumura, H. et al., 2004. Screening of Dairy Yeast Strains for Probiotic Applications. Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 87, p. 40504056. Prado, M. et al., 2015. Milk kefir: composition, microbial cultures, biological activities, and related products. Frontiers in Microbiology, Volume 6, p. 1177. Tofalo, R. et al., 2014. The predominance, biodiversity and biotechnological properties of Kluyveromyces marxianus in the production of Pecorino di Farindol cheese. International Journal of Food Microbiology , Volume 187, p. 4149. Widyastuti, Y., Rohmatussolihat Febrisiantosa, A., 2014. The Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Milk Fermentation. Food and Nutrition Sciences , Volume 5, pp. 435-442.

Hopi Indians And Their Pottery Essay Example For Students

Hopi Indians And Their Pottery Essay Hopi Indians lived in the western part of America Arizona. Their civilization is about 3000 years old and they usually farmed for living. The Hopi reservation is a remote area, comprising approximately 650,000 acres, and is surrounded on all sides by the Navajo Reservation. The Hopi people have lived in this area for over a thousand years, with one of its native villages on Old Oraibi, having the distinction of being the oldest continuously inhabited village in the United States. Hopi brought a lot of influences to many people. Hopi people were famous for their pots they make. Hopi pottery is assumed to have been made by women, there are few early historic references to men making pottery. Pottery varied from village to village so all the neighboring villages showed different blending of style. Hopi pottery are made very similar today as the olden days just that now days, it is much expensive. Modern Hopi potters make their pottery in the traditional manner. The clay is hand dug on the Hopi mesas and hand processed. The pots are carefully hand constructed using the coil and scrape techniques their ancestors taught them. The paints used are from naturally occurring materials. For example, boiling Beeweed for a long time until it becomes very dark and thick makes black paint. Before making a pottery, they found clay near the ocean or by inland streams and pond. They would wedge the clay to help remove air bubbles from the clay. If air is not removed from the clay pottery may break or crack when dried and fired. They tasted the clay to choose which clay is better. They picked sweet clay because it would be smoother than the bitter clay. After choosing which clay they were going to use, they started to make the pot, known as the coil pot method. They would roll a piece of clay into a thin line. After, they would add the thin line and built it up step by step placing the rolled up clay on top of each other. The inside of the pinch pot was smothered and joined. They would use a shell or a broken pot to smooth the pot and to make it in shape to compress cracks and to smooth the pot for decoration. They would also put white powder on it and rub it with sandstone to smoothen it. At the end, they would fire the pot. Before firing, they warmed the pot and also dry it. After drying slowly for several days, they pottery would be ready to be baked in a fire. They used sheep dong and broken pots to put on top of the made pots. The pots would stand on rocks and sheep dong pots would be up side down. The temperature would rise 1500 degrees or more and they would avoid any rapid temperature changes. Decorations were also important for the Hopi potteries. They would draw the decoration with a yacca a brush-chewed on the end. The  colorings were made up of tanzy and compounds. The designs and symbols vary from one artist to the other. Designs were usually animals and shape. The symbols on the pots came from mythological and religious ideas, especially of the psychological elements of sympathetic magic. Symbols were also often used to influence supernatural beings, which often explains artistic motifs. The pots there designed and buried, containing food and other materials. This showed us that the Hopis thought about their after life.

DippinDots Expansion Strategies

Controversial Supreme Court Case Roper V. Simmons Essay Example

Controversial Supreme Court Case Roper V. Simmons Essay Example Controversial Supreme Court Case Roper V. Simmons Paper Controversial Supreme Court Case Roper V. Simmons Paper Essay Topic: Controversial The Death Penalty is a controversial topic on its own. However, if you add the possibility of a minor receiving the death penalty it gets even more interesting. The Supreme Court case of Roper v. Simmons was a perfect example of that. Roper v. Simmons presented the Supreme Court with two questions: 1) whether or not the execution of those who were sixteen or seventeen at the time of a crime is cruel and unusual punished and 2) does is violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment. The main audience for this particular case is the general American population, and specifically affects the juvenile population. Christopher Simmons, seven months shy of his 18th birthday, planned and implemented the murder of an innocent woman. Descriptions of the murder are thoroughly chilling. Reports exposed that Simmons and an accomplice bound the woman in tape and dropped her off a bridge, drowning her in the waters below. Simmons later confessed to the crime and even participated in a videotaped reenactment of it. If he had been an adult at the time of the murder, Simmons’ case would not raise any constitutional questions. But due to his age, the issue before the court was whether the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments allowed the United States to â€Å"execute a juvenile offender who was older then 15 but younger than 18 when he committed a capital crime. † Justice Kennedy affirmed the previous ruling in the Missouri Supreme Court. As a result, Simmons could not be considered for the death penalty due to his age, and his sentence remained at life in prison without parole. Justice Kennedy went on to say, â€Å"it is the court’s reasoning that makes this case controversial, due to evolving standards of decency† (ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 551 2005) since the ruling in Stanford v. Kentucky (1989), the Court has grounds to rule against the juvenile death penalty. In the Stanford ruling, the Court held that juveniles under the age of 15 could not be executed, â€Å"due to views that have been expressed by respected professional organizations, and leading members of the Western European community. † (STANFORD v. KENTUCKY, 492 U. S. 361 1989) The Court later ruled in Atkins v. Virginia (2002) that, â€Å"mentally retarded persons were exempt from the death penalty as well, a further sign of society’s changing standards. † (ATKINS v. VIRGINIA, 536 U. S. 320 2002) The decision in Atkins explained that due to their impairments, â€Å"it is highly unlikely that such offenders could ever deserve capital punishment. † (ATKINS v. VIRGINIA, 536 U. S. 320 2002) The reasoning in Atkins is applied to the Simmons decision. Kennedy argues that because individuals under 18 are categorically less culpable than the average criminal, they should not deserve the death penalty. Kennedy adds that there are three differences between juveniles under 18 and adult offenders. First, â€Å"juveniles often lack the maturity found in adults, a trait that is understandable among the young and adolescents are overrepresented statistically in virtually every category of reckless behavior. † (ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 551 2005) The second difference is, â€Å"that they are more vulnerable to negative influences or outside pressures and this could lead to deviant behavior. † (ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 51 2005) Lastly, Kennedy asserts that â€Å"the character of a juvenile is not as well formed as an adult and that personality traits in adolescents are transitory. † (ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 551 2005) Moreover, because of the comparative immaturity and irresponsibility of such people, Kennedy logically notes that nearly every state bars people under 18 from voting, serving on juries or marrying without parental consen t. If this is the case, they should also be exempt from the death penalty, since juveniles have a greater claim than adults to be forgiven of circumstances that can lead to crime and deviant behavior. In addition, the defense introduced psychological and neurological evidence showing that adolescents, including sixteen- and seventeen-year-olds, lack sufficient brain and behavioral development to possess the requisite culpability. Though the Court recognized that juveniles are less experienced, educated, and intelligent than adults in Thompson, the Roper Court is, â€Å"unlikely to find the deficiencies of juveniles as great as those of the mentally retarded. † (THOMPSON v. OKLAHOMA, 487 U. S. 15 1988) Furthermore, Stanford’s explicit disapproval of scientific proof suggesting that juveniles are less culpable indicates that the Court is likely to find retribution can be sufficiently served. Finally, â€Å"juveniles will likely be found to be suitably deterred by the threat of the death penalty, especially since the same cognitive and behavioral abilities at issue in Stanford are under consideration in Roper. † (ATKINS v. VIRGINIA, 536 U. S. at 320. Pp. 5-17) Ju stice Stevens agreed with the majority pinion, but felt compelled to note that because our understanding of the Constitution does change from time to time, the Court could rightly examine the change in standards to interpret the Eighth Amendment. Yet Justices O’Connor and Scalia felt that there were obvious problems with the Court’s blanket ruling. They were especially concerned that the Court felt a â€Å"national consensus† against the juvenile death penalty existed. A large number of the American population are anti death penalty and even more passionate against it when it comes to juveniles facing this sentence. According to Justice Kennedy, 30 states now prohibit the juvenile death penalty – 12 that have eliminated capital punishment altogether and 18 that exclude juveniles from its reach. Yet Justice Scalia blasts this argument noting, â€Å"that none of the Court’s previous cases that dealt with alleged constitutional limitation upon the death penalty has counted states that have eliminated the death penalty entirely. † (ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 51 2005) Justice O’Connor adds that the â€Å"halting pace of change† in this situation is far different from the â€Å"extraordinary wave of legislative action† that preceded the court’s ruling in Atkins. This gives the dissenters â€Å"reason to pause,† because the national sentiment does not seem as concrete as Justice Kennedy asserts. However, the 5-4 Supreme Court decision in Roper v. Simmons now prevents anyone under the age of 18 from being executed. The dissenting opinions also focused on the Court’s reasoning that juveniles are â€Å"categorically less culpable than the average criminal. Both Justices disagree with this reasoning, and Justice O’Connor points out that though a 17 year old murderer is normally less responsible than an adult, does not mean he could be sufficiently culpable to merit the death penalty. O’Connor points out that Simmons bragged he could â€Å"get away with murder† because of his age. Showing a sign that he was not deterred by the idea of capital punishment. The fact that every detail was planned in advance explains how Simmons possesses a consciousness materially more depraved than that of the average murderer. Justice Scalia cites an amicus brief by the American Psychological Association, which argued, â€Å"Adolescents possessed effective skills in reasoning about moral dilemmas and understanding social rules and laws†¦ and could make decisions like having an abortion without parental approval. † (APA 2004) Surely, if juveniles are mature enough to decide on an abortion, they can be mature enough to commit murder. Furthermore, Scalia discussed the amici briefs describe, â€Å"Additional examples of murders committed by individuals under 18 that involve truly monstrous acts. (APA 2004) While juvenile executions are rare, Justices O’Connor and Scalia believe that it was a mistake to ban them completely. In their mind, not only are some adolescents capable of heinous acts, they should be punished accordingly. References American Psychological Association. Roper. D. P. v. Simmons, C. (2004). Brief from the Psychological Association, Missouri Psychological Association. as Amici Curiae supporting respondent July 2004. Retrieved May 20, 2011 from apa. org/about/offices/ogc/amicus/roper. pdf ATKINS v. VIRGINIA, 536 U. S. 320 (2002) Retrieved May 20, 2011 from FindLaw: http://caselaw. findlaw. com/va-supreme-court/1427407. html ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 551 (2005) 112 S. W. 3d 397, affirmed Retrieved May 20, 2011 from law. cornell. edu/supct/html/03-633. ZD1. html STANFORD v. KENTUCKY, 492 U. S. 361 (1989) Retrieved May 20, 2011 from FindLaw: http://laws. findlaw. com/us/492/361. html THOMPSON v. OKLAHOMA, 487 U. S. 815 (1988) Retrieved May 20, 2011 from FindLaw: http://laws. findlaw. com/us/487/815. html

How did Julius Caesar affect Rome Research Paper

How did Julius Caesar affect Rome - Research Paper Example This allowed Caeser to have an immense number of supporters during his leadership in Rome. From Inter-Connect Universe (2011), Caesar was involved in the renovation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Caeser went ahead and transformed Italy into one province thereby linking all the provinces to one central province. However, the prize was no longer the opportunity to further advance one’s career through even more illustrious service to Rome ; it was, instead, the power to make Rome accept the terms on which one justified one’s power (Griffin M, 205). Through this problem, of social wars that was present several years back was addressed. Individuals who were non Romans were able to get full citizenship and become Romans. Only when once power became concentrated under one man did concern for Rome’s overall urban image begin to be addressed (Galinsky, 235). Caeser appointed new senators who became subservient to him. Caeser realized that the republican institutions no longer operated effectively, and that only strong and enlightened leadership could permanently end the civil warfare destroying Rome (Perry M. 86). This minimized the effects of getting political challenge in Rome. What happens to Rome and the Romans in Julius Caeser, is that in the very process by which they are brought close to an apprehension in modernity, any proximity that may be established with them may be established with them disappears in a burgeoning complexity (Melehy 225). By passing the law to allow him to install consuls and magistrates, he appointed magistrates who became his representative and not representing the Romans, and he was able to dictate to the entire Rome. Bamber (1) in his journal contended that Caesars triumph in Rome surpassed all the others. Despite the hostility of his enemies, Caeser remained